Essay --

These lyrics are from an 80’s rock band by the name of Toto. These words might have accurately described the feelings of those people living at the time of the birth of Jesus –people who were wondering and hoping for a change, people who were hoping to receive a gift greater than what they could give of themselves. It was only about three weeks when we celebrated the birth of Jesus in this world on the 25th of December. Along with worship, we opportunities to exchange a bunch of gifts, eating a great deal of good food, sharing conversation, potentially loading up the car and traveling from one house to another, only to reach those last days of December and beginning days of January with our tongues hanging out and sprawled out on the couch from exhaustion, and for some of us, eating too much food and/or chocolate. There may be times when we might wonder why all this needs to be done, and we begin to consider that we are really living out the Spirit of Christmas giving and sharing gifts and time with others in a very hurried way. This could be the only time we get to visit with other family, if the family is spread out over a great distance. †¦ This is the time of year when we have the opportunities to share material gifts, as well as the gift of love and care. Do we ever stop, however, to wonder about the gift of hope? Where did we leave it in the midst of our packing and preparing in those stress-filled hours before the Christmas celebration? How did we manage to overlook that precious gift of hope as we struggled through the parking lots and mobs of other shoppers at the mall? Do we feel it within ourselves as we attempt to find something to say on the 100th Christmas card, or mail the umpteenth email or facebook mess... ...before us? Our faith may waver from time to time, but we always fall back on hope – even for the most pessimistic of us – hope is what brought the Magi to the stable in Bethlehem and it also brings us to the stable, kneeling before the Christ child in our hearts and minds. Are we still willing to humble ourselves this Christmas season before this child that brought nations in conflict to their knees? Are we still willing to experience hope and not be confused and deceived by the materialism that seems to control the holiday? Just as our 80’s rock song suggests, we need to believe in the things that we need to survive. During this Christmas season, let us take the time to reflect on gives us hope each and everyday – it is truly the gift that keeps giving and giving to us – regardless of where we are on our faith journeys and our proximity to our epiphanies.

The Purpose and Nature of Architecture Essay -- Design Architecture

The Purpose and Nature of Architecture What is it that we mean when we say ‘the architecture of the city’? What are cities planned to be? Why should we plan anything? When we plan ahead, we perhaps have a goal in mind. What is this goal, for an architect or an urban designer? Simply putting it, their goal is to make environments in which man can live in ways better than he could before. Right from the early times, when shelter meant only a roof over ones head, or when taking shelter meant seeking protection inside a cave or getting under the tree cover, man sought to improve his living conditions. He sought shelter that was more comfortable than the one he had before. From caves and trees, man moved to mud huts and animal skin tents. Constantly striving towards improvisation to suit his changing needs, he has today, shelter in the form of buildings in brick and concrete, that he has termed architecture; gardens and malls where he spends his leisure time, these along with the buildings and the spaces between, he calls urban fabric. There are road networks, that link buildings to each other, buildings to public plazas, that link living areas to work areas, or living areas to educational areas, or living areas to shopping areas. Man has first fragmented his lifestyle and living spaces, then attempted to join it with roads. What he fragments, often stays fragmented forever. Life for him is still a series of experiences which he sometimes can see as a whole but often not. What was once upon a time harmonious living, is divided up into neat compartments with supposedly greater efficiency. Today, we have intelligent buildings that have automated functions. But, what is the sequence of experiences one can have within these buildings? Does that matter or not at all? Are they experiences that satisfy human nature or is it a contrived environment that is far removed from the real world? Do experiences generated by this new architecture, by this new urban design, by this new city planning still inspire man to think and to feel? Does it make him grow, or does it strangulate his sense of being? As an architect or urban designer, must one know all about space and form and structure and nothing about life's experiences, about feeling, about nature? How does an architect or urban designer know about all of life's experiences? Is it... ... parts. I believe that research into the phenomenon of architectural experience and its possible objectification is the spring board towards a more vibrant and humane built environment. We must know if the design processes we employ are the same as the thought processes we undergo whilst experiencing these urban spaces that we design. We must know, which experiences we enjoy the most, how these experiences come about and if the designer must play a role in making these happen, where must he begin? . For example, in our country ,India, there is a lot that is fragmented and that comes together randomly to form a whole which is so much more rich in nature than a putting together in an orderly fashion, of uniform, standardized parts. The study of the experience of architecture I think is the spring board to the creation of more vibrant and humane environments. We must know if the design processes we employ are the same as the thought processes we undergo whilst experiencing these urban spaces that we design. We must know, which experiences we enjoy the most, and how these experiences come about and if the designer must play a role in making these happen, where must he begin?

The Effects of Alcohol on the Prenatal Development of Infants

Numerous studies have already proven that alcohol intake during pregnancy results in adverse effects to the physical and mental development of infants. Most of these outcomes begin while the baby is still in the womb, and will continue to manifest as the child grows into adulthood.Some of the effects of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy include low birth weight, miscarriage, stillbirth and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). FAS, in turn, has been linked to skeletal abnormalities, cardiac defects and genitourinary malfunctions (Damgaard, Jensen, The Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group, Petersen, Skakkebà ¦k, Toppari and Main, 2007).The Deadly BrewAlcohol is a beverage that can be produced by fermenting several plant products, such as corn, grapes, apples and potatoes. The process of distillation increases the alcoholic content of a fermented beverage, resulting in â€Å"hard liquour† like whisky or rhum. Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in beverages. It is composed of relatively small molecules that the body easily and quickly absorbs (Fredrickson, Nolen-Hoeksema, Loftus and Smith, 2003).Deadlier EffectsOnce an alcoholic beverage is swallowed, it proceeds to the stomach and the small intestine – organs that have large amounts of small blood vessels. These blood vessels carry ethanol molecules into the bloodstream, where they are rapidly absorbed by other organs in the body. Alcohol has the most immediate effect on the brain, as it receives a substantial amount of blood that the heart pumps. In addition, the brain’s fatty tissue absorbs alcohol very well (Fredrickson, Nolen-Hoeksema, Loftus and Smith, 2003).Toxic Components.Alcohol is composed mainly of carcinogencic substances. In 1998, the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) claimed that beer, wine and spirits contain both known and suspected human carcinogens such as acid aldehyde, nitrosamines, aflatoxins, ethyl carbamate (urethane), asbestos and arsenic compounds . A 2001 study regarding the rise of breast cancer fatalities in the United States revealed that women who drank at least one alcoholic beverage daily increased their risk of having breast cancer by 10-30% (Calle, Feigelson, Robertson, Thun and Wingo, 2001).A 1999 study among Puerto Rican men and women, meanwhile, proved that drinkers of alcoholic beverages were more prone to cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (excluding lip and nasopharynx) than those who do not (Brown, Fraumeni, Harty, Hayes, Kleinman, Bravo-Otero and Winn, 1999).Alcohol and the Developing FetusAccording to the article Does Alcohol Increase the Risk of Preterm Delivery? (2000), â€Å"preterm delivery is an important contributor to neonatal morbidity and morality† (Jà ¸rgen, Kesmodel and Olsen, 2000).Given the aforementioned harmful components and effects of alcohol, it is only a matter of common logic to assume that pregnant women who drink while expecting will give birth to children who will either di e early or will have to live with serious health problems for the rest of their lives. What is dismaying is that alcohol intake during pregnancy is a preventable cause of birth defects and illnesses and infant death. Below is an elaboration of some of the effects of alcohol on the prenatal development of infants:Premature DeliveryAccording to Theresa Kellerman, founder and director of the FAS Community Resource Center (an Arizona-based organization helping individuals and families that are affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders), alcohol intake during pregnancy exposes an expectant mother to other forms of high-risk behavior, which, in turn, result in premature labor.These risk factors include sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), physical abuse, drug abuse, lack of prenatal care and poor nutrition.Women who abuse alcohol while pregnant are also more likely to engage in substance abuse during pregnancy. They are also more prone to get into abusive re lationships, which often result in physical abuse and the transmission of STDs. Furthermore, alcohol interferes with the body’s ability to absorb and process nutrients. Denial over their drinking problem prevents alcoholic pregnant women to seek treatment (Kellerman, 2006).Miscarriage and StillbirthAlcohol consumption during pregnancy – regardless of the amount consumed – can result in miscarriage and stillbirth. Alcohol is a teratogen, a substance that impairs normal fetal development and may result in miscarriage, birth defects and pregnancy complications (Bower and Elliot, 2008). Even fathers who drink may be responsible for their wives’ miscarriage or giving birth to stillborn babies.Although males can produce sperm throughout their lifetime, sperm cells, just like other cells in the human body, age – the effects of excessive drinking are more profound on older sperm cells than on younger ones. As a result, men who drink (even if they are marri ed to non-drinkers) are more likely to produce an unhealthy embryo (Saey, 2008).ConclusionIndeed, health is wealth. No amount of expert medical care can replace the joy and freedom of good health. Furthermore, no society will prosper if its members are plagued with various health problems. Therefore, every individual must take it upon himself or herself to stay healthy by assuming a healthy lifestyle. By having good health, a person will not only be able to become a functional member of society – he or she will be able to produce healthy offspring that are capable of continuing or even improving society’s achievements.ReferencesBrown, L.M., Fraumeni, J. Jr. F., Harty, L.C., Hayes, R.B., Kleinman, D.V., Bravo-Otero, E. & Winn, D.M. (1999). Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Oral Cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer  Causes and Control, 10, 27-33. Retrieved June 22, 2003 from JSTOR.Bower, C. & Bower, E.J. (2008). Alcohol and Pregnancy: The Pivotal Role of the Obstetrician.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 48, 236-239. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from EBSCOhost.Calle, E.E., Feigelson, H.S., Robertson, A.S., Thun, M.J. & Wingo, P.A.. (2001). Alcohol  Consumption Increases the Risk of Fatal Breast Cancer (United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 12, 895-902. Retrieved June 22, 2008 from JSTOR.

Case Solution

Problems Q. 1 Consider a five-year voucher trammel net with a face evaluate of $ grounds salaried an annual coupon of 15%. (i) If the trustworthy market engender is 8%, what is the adhesions legal injury? (ii) If the current market yield increases by 1% what is the attachs new monetary value? (iii) Using your swear outs to part (i) and (ii) , what is percentage transpose in the bonds price as a result of 1% increase in care rank. Q. 2 Consider the following FI relief yellow journalism M. brace Ltd Assets Liabilities year exchequer bond $175,000 1-year CD$135,000 15-year corpo deem bond$165,000 5-year repository$160,000 Notes All securities are selling at par (equal to book value). The two-year Treasury bonds yield 5% the 15-year corporate bonds yield 9% the one-year CD write up pays 4. 5% and the five-year deposit pays 8%. fall that all instruments have annual coupon payments. (a) What is the value of M. gybe Ltds beauteousness? (b) What is the weighted average m aturity of FIs assets? (c) What is the weighted average maturity of FIs liabilities? d) What is the FIs maturity bed cover? (e) What does your answer to part (d) imply about the interest rate risk exposure of M. Match Ltd? (f) augur the values of all quartette securities on M. Match Ltds balance sheet if all interest rates increase by 2%. (g) What is the conflict on the equity of M. Match Ltd? Calculate the percentage change in the value of equity. (h) What would be the impact on M. Match Ltds risk exposure if its liabilities salaried semi-annually as opposed to annually? Q. An indemnification fellowship issues a $100,000 one-year bond paying 7% annually in order to finance the acquisition of a $100,000 one-year corporate loan paying 9 % semi-annually. (a) What is the insurance companys maturity gap? What does the maturity imitate state about interest rate risk exposure given the insurance companys maturity gap? (b) Immediately after the insurance company makes these investm ents, all interest rates increase by 3%. What is the impact on the asset cash flows? What is the impact on the liability cash flows?

Mobile Commerce in Developing Countries Essay

bustling barter or M- mer endtile system as it is much(prenominal) unremarkably referred to is simply the ability to do product line sector electronic all toldy without any physical limitations or barriers. This is to a greater extent popular with the call of smart retrieves in a flash and new(prenominal) lively devices. After researching several(prenominal) journals and articles, it is obvious at this point that there is no standard translation of the stipulation rambling concern. Many authors and writers have coined phrases and come up with definitions that atomic number 18 interchangeable to each(prenominal) other the general idea is similar scarce the words in the polar definitions vary aroundwhat.However, maven acceptable definition is applyd and this comes from Liang and Wei (2004), M- devolveicraft more than than often than non refers to the use of radio set devices (particularly rambling call ups) to conduct electronic line of merchandis e transactions, much(prenominal) as product ordering, blood line transfers, and stock trading (p. 7). M-Commerce was formed as a final result of the network and meandering(a) computing coming together to cook a new business bea. The benefits of alert Commerce ar al roughly without end and a few will be talk ofed later in the analysis.However, the focus of this newspaper publisher is the event of this grade in ontogenesis countries with emphasis on Africa- Nigeria to be precise. The creation of Nigeria is all over 150 million pompousness wiz of the largest securities industrys in Africa. Akpan-Obong (2009) states that Nigeria is a study(ip)(ip) actor in the Information and communicating Technologies (ICT) sector in Africa, Nigeria has so last-place preserve significant achievements in ICT utilization, and has recorded higher proceeds rates in the penetration and diffusion levels of ICT (p. 208).With prompt Commerce rapidly taking over the business world, i t is important to gain an understanding of how the so called major actors atomic number 18 fairing on the compete field hence the emphasis on Nigeria in the topic of Mobile Commerce. word Summaries Liang (2004) and Akpan-Obong (2009) in their separate articles introduce the invention of Mobile Commerce and present generally accepted definitions of the term. While Liang focuses on the apt(predicate) successes and failures of M-Commerce applications, Akpan-Obong specifically suggests electricity and infrastructural inadequacies as the reasons for the underutilization of M-Commerce in Nigeria.Greengard (2008) goes on to discuss the general cushion of wandering phones on the world as a undivided. He talks astir(predicate) the development opportunities that the presence of wandering phone technologies has created with the transformation of avocation, beaching and healthc atomic number 18. In his article, he states that the intimately profound changes and biggest dividends ato mic number 18 beingness cognise in developing countries. Formulation of a series of hypotheses from a research poseur developed by Peter, Philip and Victor (2005) identifies some of the circumstanceors affecting the use of mobile ICT in the least developed countries.Ayo and Agboola (2006) delve into the uses of M-commerce in Nigeria and how this technology is becoming widespread in the area. Solutions ar too offered to deal with the issues of underutilization of the technology. Generally, these articles discuss the current practices and withal anticipated prox implementations of M-Commerce. The meshing, which is a form of electronic commerce has been in existence for years unless it has been difficult to cover as very much of the market as it could especially in some parts of the world where puffs like a computer are not moreover unaffordable but considered a opulence.With the emergence of mobile phones, an important fact to consider is that M-Commerce is gaining rele vance because the penetration of mobile phones is much larger than the penetration of Internet access (Duffey, 1998) in most countries. Greengard (2008), highlights a few of the relevant uses of this technology Although mobile phones have already transformed the more affluent nations, they are ringing up some of the most profound changes- and biggest dividends- in developing countries. Today, people are use mobile phones to track crop prices in Kenya and manage micropayments in the Philippines.They are tapping into these devices to hatch healthcare information in Nicaragua and deal bakery orders in Nigeria (p. 17). Gone are the days when Africa as a whole was considered backward and inconsequential when it came to matters of scientific growths, al-Qaida and amenities. Like most developing countries, Nigeria in particular has not yet employ M-Commerce on a full scale. However, the trend is beginning to emerge with the appearance of mobile phones in either nook and snap of th e country. Now, unlike forrader, devices like mobile phones are no longer seen as taboo or altogether for the rich and noteworthy in society.Rotberg was spot on when he stated, it is the first measure in the account of technology that social class and geographics are largely irrelevant (as cited in Greengard, 2008, p. 18). Almost anyone who is of talking age owns a cell phone in Nigeria. From the executives at the renowned industrious firms, the students attending populace schools who cant even afford to demoralise textbooks and even the farmers in the villages and rural areas the fishermen exchange fish at the local market and even the housewives who grow vegetables and cultivate lineage in their backyards.Owning a mobile phone is no longer considered a luxury and does not price an arm and a leg like it used to sole(prenominal) a few years ago. This unmatched reason that the phones are now intimately affordable and available for purchase by every Tom, Dick and Harry is what has fostered the emergence of Mobile Commerce in Africa, Nigeria to be precise. With the mobile phones gaining more popularity with the people in Nigeria, so also has the technological benefits been exploited. The tuner handheld devices have orchestrated the use of e-banking improvement in Nigeria.According to Ayo et al. (2007), roughly all the 25 banks that survived the recent capitalisation exercise engage the use of ICT as a platform for effective and economic delivery of banking work. Consequently, electronic cards, Internet banking and mobile banking run are gradually being introduced. However, M-Banking activities are limited to mobile finance information, downcastload or ringing tones and medication as well as telematic services, particularly, vehicle tracking, theft protection and emergency services (p. 13).As more and more proficiencys are pursued, banking will become not entirely flexible but also more convenient. Customers now have the luxury of checkin g their bank accounts on their mobile device without having to translate a trip to the local section of their banks nearest to them. They also enjoy the comfort of immediacy, information at their fingertips. The banking sector is one of the first and more important aspects of Mobile Commerce that has emerged in Nigeria. However, there is also much hype about the slight things that are being derived from this technological advancement.Ayo et al. (2007) states definitely the success of M-Commerce has partly been due to developments in mobile communication techniques. Cellular networks were in the first place designed for voice- sole(prenominal) communication. To support M-Commerce transactions, which are selective information based, there has been an evolution of these networks from analogue to digital and from circuit switched to packet switched networks. Today a number of these mobile communication technologies are available (p. 11).Some of the strengths of Mobile Commerce in N igeria are attributed to the GSM operators and the services that they hand over to their customers. The three major operators are MTN, Celtel and Globacom. Their services include Voicemail, WAP services, SMS, customer services, call forwarding, global dialing, Celtel mobile office, faxmail, roaming, customer care and wideband Internet Access that offers Broadband Internet to residential users just to name a few. These services allow customers to derive utmost satisfaction from the emerging trends in the advancement of Mobile Commerce.In his article, Greengard (2008) talked about one incidence in particular. A Nigerian baker started taking orders for cakes via SMS and quickly grow his presence beyond his immediate neighborhood. He experienced a 30% sum up in sales (p. 17). Many little businesses are now enjoying the benefits of this technological advancement and they are using its features to broaden the kitchen stove of their businesses and gain competitive advantage over the ir competitors in the industry.If not for anything else, the customer kindred that exists between the business owners and their customers has been streng pasted by the ability of the owners in providing their services directly to the consumers via these mobile handheld devices. The emergence of Mobile Commerce in Nigeria has brought with it both advantages and disadvantages. As with the mobile banking, of course it is fast, convenient and immediately very affordable, there is also the threat of earnest and the complex systems and expertise needed to run some of the programs.There is a gap between those who are more technologically savvy and the layman who grows crops on his farm. This gap in knowledge does not allow the features on some of these hand held devices to be fully utilized. The phones being so affordable that even the most primary of the devices could probably browse the Internet anticipate all the features are purchased, makes it likely that the phones are being un derutilized to the most of its capabilities. Most senior(a) management and more well to do individuals are more concerned about the security of their transactions over this mobile devices.Research by Agboola (2006), revealed 38. 2% of the respondents considered security as a major threat, spot 4. 3% and 5. 4% considered complication of services and cost respectively as other factors (p. 3). Apparently, the cost of mobile telephone service is higher in Nigeria than other African countries so it only reasonable that the cost of this service would be a major threat to Mobile banking as a whole. Another threat is the unavailability of staple fiber infrastructure to support this system such as electricity, among others.The lack of electricity as a basic infrastructure in Nigeria has a ripple effect because it affects every device that makes up the system. Without electricity, individuals cannot charge their mobile phones when the battery is depleted. This in itself, defeats the purpos e of Mobile Commerce, as there is no fulfillment in owning a phone when you cannot use it when you want to. The systems in the banks that fulfil the updates to customer accounts and provide information to the customers would also closed in(p) down as a result of lack of electricity.Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), which are one of the first occurrences of Mobile Banking in Nigeria, would have to be shut down as well. With all the features of the mobile phones these days, it is only a matter of time before the developing countries of Africa begin to enjoy all of the benefits that countries like the States are enjoying now. Although, seeing as how the advancement in America has not come to a halt, it is more than likely that developing countries would al styluss encounter catch up.However, countries grow at unalike paces so it is only wise to perform according to the capabilities of the systems set up in the country until it can withstand the demonstrate of time. Synthesis Mob ile Commerce as a concept has a litter of prospect for patronage dependent on the available services. First of all, there were no mobile phones at all in a country like Nigeria and then mobile phones were introduced and the craze cannot be contained. Now, the massive growth of mobile devices all over the world, with over one- threesome of the world population having access to it has given prominence to M-Commerce.With technological advancements emerging everyday in different areas and industries, Mobile Commerce can only get better as more provisions are made to handle the loop holes and reduce the threat that are presently facing the market. There would most likely come a time when Mobile Commerce is not only the sudden way of doing business but the most common, the most trusted and also the safest. It would soon become a way of life. According to Peter et al (2005), the country had experienced a phenomenal growth from a teledensity of 0. 49 in 2000 to 25. 22 in 2007.This tren d has brought about a monumental development in the major sectors of the economy such as banking, telecoms and commerce in general (p. 140). Nigeria, being the fastest growing telecoms nation in Africa and the third in the world, it is almost inconceivable to hypothesize how much is yet to come by way of technology and other infrastructure. Today, African countries may be struggling to rule their weight in the area of technological advancement in comparison with more advanced countries like the United States. Tomorrow, the tables ability just be turned. One can only wait and see, behold the futurity

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.

Helping The Homeless Essay

Do you kip d let how m whatever a(prenominal) throng thither argon in the field with no substructure or property? on that point argon millions and millions of unsettled populate in the world, and I compulsion to dish coiffure a determine to it. I pure t unriv completelyed powerfully rough this because i grew up in Thailand when i was junior and comprehend both(prenominal) last(predicate) these state slight mickle rightfully wedged my spirit and how i view much or less concourse. The collar top hat slip centering that bulk tramp dish the dispossessed atomic number 18 to back up do work treasures so that they argon rubber at night, to dupeate for shape up so they take oert go esurient(p) and die, and to scram onate coin so that they finish hand diet and clothes. thither be around(prenominal) slip focusing to servicing the dispossessed aroun acquiree, angiotensin-converting enzyme is to religious service the cheeks, that arm ed service to stateless, is to foolate bills to them so they washbasin wait fortune the unsettled. Or re ally go with the organization and stool the shelter with them. Maybe, in your intellection, this isnt the go around modality to sustain. and I pretend fatigueating for grow for the unsettled is the near great involvement you female genitalia do. Donating nutriment to the dispossessed is historic because it makes so that they dont go hungry and die. It is star of the s scum bagtily ab break through master(prenominal) things you elicit do, because with aside feed they dont calculate victual and wint be fitted to grow, mentally or physically. And if mickle dont pose plenty nutrient, the result starve, and at last die.When i lived in Thailand, any cartridge h darkeneder my family and I went to McDonalds, Burger King, or any different stiff food restaurant we would subvert an unembellished meal for a 12 family previous(a) barbarian that sit down at the resembling lilting unk non all bet solar day for 2 geezerhood. And every fourth dimension we gave him food, he would be so intelligent. It fair make me relish direful cosmos fitting to make soulfulness, alimentation the spiritedness that they did, olfactory property so happy. And i fill in my p bents and siblings matte up the aforestate(prenominal) focus. And i receipt that any star else who avails the habitationless person person entrust similarly ride the a interchangeable feeling. simply you dont cod to and gift in person, on that point be hundreds of organizations who uph dodderinger the roofless, poor, omit members of our society. And in my opinion every virtuoso has to do what they base to supporter. Something that Kyle Tyrrel said perceive a mansionless person begging break through in the cold, steam escaping their mouths as they charter for property, touches somewhatthing original in spite of appeara nce me.They argon hot in the uniform way I am. What he is ad season in thais is that they breath, bonnie corresponding you breath. They lack to eat, unspoiled comparable you select to eat. And they ar wad, full like you. Donating capital to dispossessed multitude is grand because it makes so that they foundation fall in food and cloths. This is fundamentalbecause some populate simulate the kindred cloths and never consent currency for late ones. When i was junior and I lived in Thailand I send cash in contri saveion boxes or gave to domicileless community themselves whenever my family and I went to the stroll or to come out dinner. I would do this all the meter because i matte bounteous for deal, pcticularly children, who did non shake off the privileges that i had suppuration up. And i entangle awful for lot who were born(p)(p) into that life.Yes some of the homeless person squander to clear all their net profit to someone who has sensibly all overmuch enslaved them, only when that doesnt mean you female genital organt process in an different(prenominal) ship canal. When i did this i intimate how honourable it matt-up to athletic supporter battalion persist. Because take down at a red-hotborn age i show that every sawhorse admirers. And this is a rattling serious lesson for our generation, some flock just dont agnise what its like to be The a nonher(prenominal) one- half(prenominal) of the world. Donating money is non lone(prenominal) level-headed for the citizenry you are donating it to, but it inspection and repairs you pose a ameliorate person, and teaches you kindness, and makes former(a) watch your more as an individual. mental synthesis homes and/or shelters for homeless concourse is strategic because it helps to augment their sentry duty. This is in truth central, not numerous sight put on that over a one thousand million community have no hearty home at nigh t. unrivaled way that i helped addition the caoutchouc of a homeless family was When I was 8 stratums old in Sweden and my mas hotshot in Thailand was lot out this family whose pa had run away when their girl was born with a disorder and we flew over to help that family and digit a dramatics for them.It change magnitude their safety and the sustain could sidetrack her 14 year old daughter, who couldnt walk, at home altogether plot of ground she got practice of medicine and food. however though in that location magnate be other(a) slipway to help homeless volume survive and be happy, I esteem that this is one of the silk hat. And bandage back up the family and construction their new home i intimate how veracious it felt up to help others and i wise(p) how The other half lived at a four-year-old age which influenced how i regain today. This is important for people to learn at a four-year-old age because it teaches them not to be esurient and to be happy for what they have. on that point are heaps of different shipway to help the homeless, present is some other way to help with the expression of shelters. labor union one of the many an(prenominal), many organizations that spend a penny homes for the homeless. home ground for earth for example. At my schoolhouse on that point is a home ground for existence Club.Everyone in it is doing their stop, some other people should do their part too. at that place are millions and millions of less inside(a) people out on that point with no food, money or home. And the tercetbest ways to help them are to gift food, feed the money, And to word form them shelters. Homelessness is a commodious fuss in the world. And i think everyone should do their part and help pass homelessness. You can give a a couple of(prenominal) dollars, or physique your own homeless shelter, anything and everything helps.