Intention of Life Interest

Goal of Life Interest 1. (a) The existence enthusiasm of Parwinder which on a superficial level seems, by all accounts, to be a vested, quick and constrained intrigue is combined with a leftover portion enthusiasm for their little girls. In this case, there is an issue with conviction of expectation. Albeit specialized words are not necessary,[1] issues emerge when precatory words, for example, ‘in full confidence’ and ‘will respect’ are utilized in this arrangement. The wording of this arrangement is fundamentally the same as the wording of another arrangement including in Comiskey[2] which expressed â€Å"in full certainty that †¦ at her demise she will devise it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  between nieces as â€Å"she may see fit.† Therefore, following this judgment all things considered, the courts would translate from her words a goal to leave her domain to her better half with a blessing over of the rest of the property to be shared between her little girls as per his will and in any case similarly. Nonetheless, if the court concludes that goal can't be gotten from this arrangement, Parwinder will take the property advantageously and there is a subsequent trust.[3] In this case Parwinder will be named trustee of the home consequently, he can be constrained to do the trust. Ought to Parwinder become unfit to allot offers to his little girls the court will work as trustee and appropriate the home if all surenesses are seen as substantial. On the off chance that Parwinder is held to be a trustee, he should do the dissemination of the home as a trust is compulsory. Accordingly, he should cause an arrangement in his will to dispensing the dissemination of the domain or, more than likely he should make an express trust ensuring he incorporates legitimate assurances and follows the recipient standard entomb vivos. This arrangement may likewise establish a trust related to an intensity of arrangement. As indicated by Hanbury Martin, when a spouse gives his bequest to his â€Å"widow for her life, and after her demise to their children† yet permits the wife to choose the offers for every kid it is a legitimate capacity to â€Å"appoint utilizing her total circumspection with a blessing in default of equivalent offers â€Å"[4] Therefore, an uncommon force exists whereby Parwinder must circulate the home to a predetermined gathering of appointees[5] be that as it may, he is under no commitment to complete his obligation or even consider it as an obligation.[6] (b) Right off the bat, this arrangement may fall flat for absence of sureness of topic in that the size of each useful intrigue isn't explicitly declared.[7] However, the court may verify that the settlor has given a compelling technique for deciding the size of the blessing hence; the court will apply its suspicion so as to keep the blessing from failing.[8] Should the courts be not able to decide any assurance of size of the valuable intrigue the arrangement will turn into a subsequent trust for the settlor’s home. Expecting the offer size might be dictated by certain methods, no doubt  £200,000 has been made over into a trust held by the trustees of the domain. In any case, the commitment to disperse the cash to the initial 100 candidates must be explained as an optional trust or an intensity of arrangement. As indicated by Hanbury Martin apparently the trustees who hold a trust to serve â€Å"such individuals from a class of recipients as the trustees will in their supreme attentiveness select†[9], are in truth the trustees of an optional trust. The principal prerequisite would then be to find out if there is assurance of articles utilizing the test empowered by the House of Lords, the Given Postulant Test.[10] The test requires the trustees to ask â€Å"Can it be said with sureness that any given individual is or isn't an individual from the class?†[11] Utilizing this test it is legitimate to state that any postulant who has written in light of the ad in the Oxford Gazette and who have made an ethical case for an offer should be viewed as an individual from the class of recipients. A slight issue emerges if in light of the commercial the next day 100+ letters are gotten making it inconceivable for the trustees to figure out who the initial 100 recipients are as is unmistakably mentioned in the arrangement. This would bring about regulatory unworkability and the trust would get void and return to the settlor’s home. (c) The wording of the arrangement would be understood to force a guardian obligation on the trustees and consequently, produce an express trust. This is because of all convictions being extremely express and clear. In spite of the fact that Charles is in a state of unconsciousness and improbable to recuperate, the trustees are as yet bound under the details of the trust to circulate property to Charles as indicated by the revelation of trust. By and large, the trustees are under a general obligation to act impartially and â€Å"maintain equity between the beneficiaries†[12] particularly with regards to progressive interests. The trustees despite everything keep up the legitimate title of the vehicles and Charles and the Oxford Motor Museum appreciate simply an impartial and useful intrigue. In this way, it is feasible for the Trustees to keep up the lawful title to the vehicles and give the whole assortment of vehicles to the Museum on trust as they won't naturally procure the lawful title to the vehicles. Should Charles kick the bucket his evenhanded enthusiasm for one of the vehicles will succeed him and become some portion of his bequest, be that as it may, if he somehow managed to recuperate he would at present have a fair enthusiasm for one of the vehicles which he could then exploit. When he or a recipient of his domain has picked a vehicle the lawful title of the vehicle will be moved to them through the suitable method and the trustee’s obligation to Charles will be satisfied and the trust will end. The trustees will at that point hold the rest of the vehicles on trust for the Museum. The last choice accessible to the trustees is to make an application to the Court for Directions. As Charles is as yet living, he has a sincere case on one of the vintage vehicles; in this manner, if the trustees apply to the Court for heading and follow any ensuing bearings of the court they will be protected.[13] This procedure has become effective to permit challenges in organization of the trust to be heard by the Court and ease the â€Å"risk of settling on choices upon a bogus premise.†[14] 2. One of the primary issues in the current law encompassing interests in the family home is concerning the occasionally obsolete nature of the law in regard to the more level field that man and lady presently work and bolster themselves through their vocations. Pettitt vPettitt[15] clarified that a ladies housework, childcare and commitments towards costs don't liken to commitment towards the price tag in this manner, except if the wife requests the house to be passed on to the companions together, she may discover she has no enthusiasm for the endless supply of her marriage, in any case, the option to conjure optional forces of the court to appropriate the property is as yet a choice she has upon separate. The principle issue with the current law today is the absence of legal force a court has when managing living together couples who share a family home. Couples may regularly live respectively for a considerable length of time and have kids and commonly add to the house through redesign, costs and upkeep, be that as it may, in many cases the house is enlisted to one of the people in particular. Notwithstanding, a non-legitimate co-proprietor may have a fair enthusiasm bringing about a useful trust even where a direct budgetary commitment has not been made.[16] A useful trust is another answer for this issue whereby the courts will consider commitments made to the home loan installment by each gathering, repair the house as this added to the support and fundamental upkeep. This cure becomes effective on the off chance that one gathering has â€Å"acted to his detriment† in dependence on the affirmation that he held a gainful interest.[17] Ultimately, and as a rule ideal is the cure of exclusive estoppel or when the Courts â€Å"protect the desires for the non-proprietor and may grant the non-proprietor as much as a full possession enthusiasm for the land if equity demands†[18]. The basic components of restrictive estoppel exist where the lawful proprietor of the property hosts urged a third gathering to accept that he has or will later on get rights in regard of the property and the outsider has acted in dependence of this affirmation to his detriment.[19] This is the most simply cure accessible as it will consider minor oral assertions, for example, â€Å"the house is as much yours as mine† or â€Å"we share everything 50-50† as a confirmation and the non-legitimate proprietor is probably going to be allowed an evenhanded enthusiasm for the endless supply of the family locally established on the measure of commitment made throughout the long stretches of collective living. Book index PEARCE, R AND STEVENS, J. (2002) The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations third Edition London: LexisNexis Butterworth’s Tolley. PENNER, J.E. (2001) Mozley and Whitley’s Law Dictionary twelfth Edition London: Butterworths. MARTIN, J.E. (2001) Hanbury Martin Modern Equity sixteenth Edition London: Sweet Maxwell Ltd. Commentaries [1] Paul v Constance [1977] 1 W.L.R. 527 [2] Comiskey v Bowring-Hanbury [1905] A.C. 84 [3] Watson v. Holland [1985] 1 All E.R. 290. [4] Martin (2001) page 173. [5] Re Gestetner [1953] Ch. 672. [6] Martin (2001) page 174 [7] Boyce v Boyce (1849) 16 Sim 476. [8] Re Golay [1965] 1 W.L.R. 969 [9] Martin (2001) page 175. [10] Re Gulbenkien’s Settlements [1970] AC 508 [11] Ibid per Lord Wilberforce [1971] AC 424 at pages 454-6. [12] Martin (2001) page 553. [13] Re Londonderry’s Settlement [1965] Ch. 918. [14] Martin (2001) page 550. [15] [1970] AC 777. [16] Lloyds Bank v Rossett [1991] 1 AC 107. [17] Ibid at page 536. [18] Penner (2001), page 281. [19] Gillies v Keogh [198

Solidification Definition and Examples

Hardening Definition and Examples Hardening, otherwise called freezing, is a stage change of issue that outcomes in the creation of a strong. By and large, this happens when the temperature of a fluid is brought down underneath its the point of solidification. In spite of the fact that the point of solidification and liquefying purpose of most materials are a similar temperature, this isn't the situation for all substances, so the point of solidification and dissolving point are not really compatible terms. For instance, agar (a compound utilized in food and the laboratory)â melts at 85 C (185 F) yet sets from 31 C to 40 C (89.6 F to 104 F). Cementing is about consistently an exothermic procedure, which means heat is discharged when a fluid changes into a strong. The main known special case to this standard is the cementing of low-temperature helium. Vitality (heat) must be added to helium-3 and helium-4 for sticking to occur. Cementing and Supercooling Under specific conditions, a fluid might be cooled beneath its the point of solidification, yet not change into a strong. This is known as supercoolingâ and it happens on the grounds that most fluids solidify to freeze. Supercooling might be promptly seen via cautiously freezing water. The marvel can happen when there is an absence of good nucleation locales from which cementing can continue. Nucleation is when atoms from sorted out groups. When nucleation happens, crystallization advances until cementing occurs. Cementing Examples A few instances of cementing might be found in regular day to day existence, including: Freezing of water to shape ice in an ice 3D shape trayFormation of snowCongealing of bacon oil as it coolsSolidification of liquefied flame waxLava solidifying into strong stone

Would I Pick Illinois Again (Senior Sentiments)

Would I Pick Illinois Again (Senior Sentiments) Hi everyone, Some of you might have your next four years here mapped out to a tee, while others are still unsure if Illinois is where you want to be. Regardless of how youre feeling, everything youre thinking of is in the future. Now that Im an old timer, I can at least share what I think about my university experience with the power of hindsight, and maybe something will resonate with you to help you make a decision. 1. People matter. I used to be a huge introvert, but Ive developed an extroverted side because you just cant do it alone. People matter so much. Family keeps you grounded, friends keep you accountable, and surrounding yourself with people who inspire and cherish you keeps you sane through what will be some of the most formative years of your life. In this sense, I would choose Illinois again without question. Its a huge school, which sounds intimidating, but it just means its that much more likely that youll be able to find your group of friends. I attend a predominantly Asian church of 1000+ members, my advertising major is predominantly white and female, and at other campus gatherings, Ive met LGBT folk, people in research, rock climbers, and so many others. A big school means you have a lot of potential for great relationships. 2. Opportunities matter, and Illinois has them. When you think of technology, you might immediately of Silicon Valley, California, and West Coast tech companies. But those arent the only places where innovation is happening. Champaign-Urbana has many leading tech companies because of the resources at Illinois  and lower living costs of the area. With one of the highest international populations, Illinois  also has a diverse and worldwide alumni network that you can connect to for learning, mentorship, and jobs. There are some lectures that still put me to sleep and I can complain about how a lot of classes seem pointless, but ultimately I had what I needed here to start building a life and a career. Research Park. Source: researchpark.illinois.edu 3. But U of I is expensive. Truthfully, U of I is expensive,  even for in-state residents. But there are many scholarships available for students. For example, my friend worked throughout her undergrad and was also  part of the I-Promise program, and despite being from a lower-income family, she was able to graduate with $0 debt or loans. Another benefit of Illinois huge alumni network is that it means there are many people in the working world who are happy to donate and give back to fund your education through such scholarships. There are ways to manage money; you just have to be diligent about finding them out. 4. But James, what do you do for fun? Volleyball. Rock climbing. Pumpkin picking. Cider drinking. Star watching. Barn dancing. Restaurant hopping. Movie watching. Arts enjoying. OK, so some of  these are pretty farm-esque for those worried about being in the middle of the cornfields. But the point is, there is a lot of stuff to do. And as long as youre with people you love, it hardly matters what you do. Most of the time youll be studying, pulling shenanigans for free in the residence halls, or just enjoying the huge campus: So would I pick Illinois again? Absolutely. For me, I dont think I could have seen it another way because of the lifelong friends Ive established and the opportunities Ive had. Illinois  is special because no one expects there to be such a hub of life  in the middle of nowhere. But Champaign-Urbana is growing. Will you choose to partake in whats buzzing  here at Illinois? Good luck, and go with your gut. There are no wrong choices, only right onesâ€"as long as you go in with a bit of courage and zeal, youll be a better you by the end of four years, and thats all anyone could want. ?? James Class of 2016 I’m an Advertising major also pursuing a minor in Anthropology. I’m heavily involved with the American Advertising Federation on campus. I'm from Naperville, Illinois.

Sex Education And Gender Education - 949 Words

The study conducted by Grossman, Tracy, Charmaraman, Ceder, and Erkut (2014) had two main goals revolving sex education. The first goal was to examine whether the program created by the Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts, Get Real: Comprehensive Sex Education That Works (as cited in Grossman, Tracy, Charmaraman, Ceder, Erkut, 2014), can delay vaginal sex in middle schoolers. The second goal was to see if family involvement can help delay sex. They believe their goals are important since beginning sex education before adolescents are having sex is critical in order to successfully risky sexual behavior. According to the researchers, studies conducted with sex education programs in middle school have shown mixed findings on its effectives on delaying sex. While some studies have shown that programs have no effect, others have shown that its effectiveness varies on boys and girls. One study has shown that sex education programs delay in sex in girls and not boys, and another h as shown the opposite results. The researchers noticed that the sex education programs in these studies did not include a family component, and believe that family members are an important factor in delaying sex. The study followed a total of 2453 sixth grade students from Boston, Massachusetts for three years as they completed middle school. The students were selected from 24 middle schools, consisting of 13 public schools, 9 charter schools, and 2 private schools. The study started off withShow MoreRelatedSingle Sex Education : Single Gender Education1458 Words   |  6 PagesSingle-gender education has become more and more popular in the last few years. There are many people and organizations who like the idea and would like to continue it and other organizations that think single-sex education could make our school systems revert back to a time with gender inequalities. Single sex education breaks down gender stereotypes and in many cases limits distractions for a student in a classroom especially in a student’s teenage years. Opponents to single-gender education claimRead MoreGender Representation Of Sex Education1651 Words   |  7 Pagesencouraging images of females. Education of male-on- female violence should start in early childhood right alongside the curriculum of sex education. Perhaps the foremost important issues of gender partiality are the importance of protecting young girls. Schools nationwide provide curriculum of sex education, which should include male-on-female violence to create social awareness of the issue. Sex education in early child hood is used to deter the children from having unprotected sex. This was used as a methodRead MoreSex Education : Encyclopedia Of Gender And Society946 Words   |  4 PagesConnell, Erin. Sex Education. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Ed. Jodi O Brien. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2009. 745-748. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 30 Sept. 2015. This article has a really good explanation and a history behind. Sex education began during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This type of education debate or reveals a range of attitudes, values and also belief about the children, adolescent, sexuality, and gender. During WWI soldiers were infectedRead MoreThe Inequality Within Education With Sex And Gender1850 Words   |  8 Pagesthe inequality in education that is present in our society in accordance with sex and gender. In recent years, females have been outperforming males in all subject areas. The term sex refers to the biological characteristics of a person’s body that makes them either male or female while gender refers to someone being masculine or feminine. (Stoller 1968, p.9) This essay will demonstrate why males are underachieving in the education system looking at it in terms of gender and sex differences and howRead MoreSingle-Sex Education : Is One Gender Enough?1304 Words   |  6 PagesIs One Gender Enoug h? Introduction: In 1999, Jefferson Leadership Academies was named the first public middle school in the U.S. to offer an environment fully dedicated to single-gender instruction (Niche). This organization became a milestone for single-sex education and brought attention to the fact that separating genders is beneficial in more ways than one. Our country is known for its prestigious learning system and the endless opportunities provided for its citizens. Immigrants continue toRead MoreEducation: Gender and Single-sex School Works1256 Words   |  6 PagesSingle-Sex Schools A time comes in every young teen s life when he or she must decide where to attend high school. As they examine which high school they want to go to, one of the factors they may come across is whether to go to a single-sex school or a co-educational school. While co-ed schools allow students to develop socially, single-sex schools have the advantage in academic success. Single-sex schools provide a conducive learning environment for students, allow teachers to teach accordingRead More Sex Roles and Gender Bias in Early Childhood Education Essay example2173 Words   |  9 Pages Sex role stereotyping and gender bias permeate everyday life. Children learn about sex roles very early in their lives, probably before they are 18 months old, certainly long before they enter school.(Howe, 1). The behaviors that form these sex roles often go unnoticed but their effect is immeasurable. Simple behaviors like: the color coding of infants (blue pink), the toys children are given, the adjec tives used to describe infants (boys: handsome, big, strong; girls: sweet, pretty, precious)Read Moreme me931 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ No such thing as â€Å"Separate but Equal† in Education One of the most common question for parents when it comes to choosing high schools or college for their child is â€Å"Should girls and boys be taught separately, either in different classes or entirely differently schools, to improve their educational performances, or is such an approach a throwback to a teaching method that was discredited years ago† (Update: Single-Sex Education). In the past, it was more common for boys and girls to be educatedRead MoreInfanticide And Single Sex Education1284 Words   |  6 PagesCoeducation and single-sex education are both extensively used around the world. By the 1980s, more and more schools which only severed male or female became coed. Even though, many parents still send their kids to only men school or only women school now days. Then why would some people choose a only men or only women school? Is it against the â€Å"gender equality†? In the early civilizations, education was informally and it was primarily households. As time passed, people began to get educated moreRead MoreSingle Sex Education Essay964 Words   |  4 Pages Single-sex classrooms and schools are used in education all around the world. As a student who has never attended a single-sex school or classroom, I have always been curious to know how beneficial it really is. The controversy over single-sex classrooms and/or schools is an ongoing battle between educators, school systems, and the community. Those who support the idea of single-sex education argue that the separation of boys and girls due to biological differences can improve academic achievement

Capital Punishment The Death Penalty - 1868 Words

An issue that has been widely debated for several years in the United States, and even throughout the whole world is capital punishment. Capital punishment is of course punishment by death after committing a capital crime or a capital offence. The word capital comes from the Latin capitalis, which means â€Å"regarding the head†, which is referring to beheading. The debate about capital punishment is whether or not is moral to punish someone with death after a crime they committed. Many view that those who commit capital crimes should be killed, as it is justice for the capital crime/crimes they have committed. Other believes that no crime is heinous to warrant execution of the committer of the crime. This question has been debated across the world for years, and has recently become a more pressing issue as now there are more humane ways of execution and people value human life more than in the past. Many already know how Americans and Europeans feel about capital punishment , however, how did old Eastern Philosophy feel about the death penalty? How does current Eastern Philosophy feel about the death penalty? Before these questions are answered, first more must be known about the history of capital punishment. The first death penalty laws go back as far as Eighteenth Century B.C. King Hammurabi of Babylon’s code had death penalty for 25 different crimes. The death penalty was also in Fourteenth Century B.C. Hittite Code, and in Seventh Century B.C.’s Roman Law of the TwelveShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

Details of Buying a Term Paper

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Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations free essay sample

Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations† was written by Jennifer J. Jones. It illustrates her study and examination of the effects of managing reported earnings to alleviate the costs of tariffs and quota increases on import businesses. The ITC or (United States International Trade Commission) conducts relief investigations on companies that import goods so they can make a determination on the import relief rate. The ITC sets the import relief after reviewing a plethora of factors. Some factors include the profitability of the industry and the trends in profitability. Import relief is described as a set of federally imposed regulations which are designated to suspend or restrict the importation of goods into the country in order to protect American manufacturers. The measures often include subsidies, restriction, and assistance to domestic companies. The author describes the reasoning behind the import relief, as well as the effects of the import relief on the affected parties. Because consumers have diverse interests the effects of the import relief has not been studied in great detail. Often contractors who share a relation to the import business carefully monitor and adjust the accounting numbers to influence the policy makers into not raising the import relief rate. The author says that import relief is basically a wealth transfer from the consumer to the domestic producers because the importers will simply raise prices as the import relief gets higher, and domestic producers will make money because their prices can be highly competitive with the importers. In this exchange the ultimate losers are the consumers who will either pay a higher price for imported goods or buy domestic products which generally cost more. Because consumers do not monitor the earnings of import companies the import companies are able to manipulate earnings nearly unhindered. This manipulation of accounting numbers to influence import relief benefits importers and costs the consumers. Because the ITC is looking out for the domestic producers, importers are in a way forced to manipulate their reported earnings to maintain profits. The import companies really don’t lose much when the import relief goes up. The cost of importing goods to the United States and paying the import relief is most often cheaper than manufacturing goods in the United States. The ITC looks at a company’s earnings before taxes. To circumvent the ITC the managers of import companies often use multiple accrual accounts. By playing somewhat of a shell game with the ITC the import companies are able to hide assets or shift them to the next quarter to show a lower profit margin. The author conducted a cross sectional investigation of the accrual accounts of import companies. Her investigation revealed that the import companies suddenly report lower earnings and income just before the investigation period. The obvious concern of the import industry is illustrated by the drastic counter measures put in place by the managers of import companies. The methodology of the ITC is effective at protecting domestic producers and the American economy but it puts import companies in a difficult situation. When presented by the moral dilemma of altering reported income import companies must make a decision which in the minds of many theorists is not a decision at all. Because businesses are driven by profits and managers are paid by the shareholders to protect the best interest of the company they are forced to alter reported earnings. Because the import companies show lower earnings just before the reporting period that is disproportionate to their earnings through the year it is clear that the import companies are circumventing larger import relief rates by manipulating earnings just before the ITC investigation period. The managers of the import companies are responsible for the manipulation of accounting numbers. It is only natural for managers to protect the interest of the company. However, many consider the manipulation of accounting numbers to influence the import relief to be unethical. On the other hand many theorists believe that the import relief is an unfair tariff on import companies. Politics play a major role in the creation of the import relief. Some theorist claim that politicians who are influenced by large companies can affect the decision making process of the ITC investigation. Because the import relief is based on many different factors the manipulation of reported income could possibly be an unnecessary. In addition, accountants who engage in the manipulation of earnings can face legal penalties for falsifying accounting numbers. The SEC should investigate the accounting books of import companies to discover falsifications before they can affect ITC’s investigation and decision. It is not addressed why auditors do not report earnings manipulations. It is possible that because of the adverse relationship by companies and their audit firms it is possible that the manipulations are discovered and hidden. The author conducted her study of five import industries. She studied the auto industry, carbon steel industry, stainless steel industry, copper industry, and footwear industry. Based on her calculations the reported earnings of the different industries would remain constant with the earnings trend of the rest of the year. The author also studied the earnings of 459 other firms who were excluded from the ITC’s investigation to determine if in the period of the investigation their reported earnings decreased also. Her empirical testing of the firms accruals showed that the firms that were excluded from the investigation showed statistically consistent reported earnings during the investigation period. The author’s theory of earnings management during import relief investigations shows parallels to the political cost hypothesis. Although her study was sufficient in proving her point the author acknowledges that her study was not conducted on a broad enough sample. However, Jones’s study of earnings management during import relief investigations is a valuable example for future reference regarding ITC financial investigations. The author created an equation to discover the trend of reported earnings and what the reported earnings should be for the investigation period. The purpose of import relief is to protect domestic companies because foreign manufacturing is dramatically cheaper than domestic manufacturing companies. To maintain competitiveness between domestic and foreign producers and protect American businesses the ITC regulates the import relief. Because the import relief is decided by the ITC based on many different factors so manipulating reported earnings will not be enough to completely skew the ITC’s decision. The plethora of factors that the ITC uses to create the import relief are used because the ITC is afraid of making the import relief unfair to any party so it uses multiple methods of determination. The ITC utilizes policies to ensure fair trade and importing. The ITC protects from imports being sold at less than fair value which the ITC calls dumping. The ITC uses investigations and statutes to regulate dumping; they call these policies anti- dumping. The ITC also protects against companies benefitting from foreign subsidiaries by conducting countervailing duties. The author states that the import relief can be simplified as a transfer of wealth from the consumers â€Å"losers† to the domestic producers â€Å"winners†. It is often considered to be unfair. The import relief protects the American economy by protecting the market from being flooded with cheap imported products. If the market is flooded by cheap imported products many domestic companies will be put out of business due to a rapid drop in sales. The ITC tries to level the playing field with the import relief. American businesses fail to remain cheap and competitive with the foreign producers because in foreign countries there are no federal regulatory powers making regulations that cost business time and money. In addition, foreign countries usually don’t contend with labor unions that demand higher employee salaries and limits on performance demands. In conclusion, â€Å"Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations† by Jennifer J. Jones is a valuable reference to the import industries reaction to ITC investigations. It presents her study into import relief investigations which should be a read by all individuals seeking knowledge about accounting, finances, and the import industry. Many theorists believe import relief to be controversial. The import relief must be beneficial to American business as it forces importers to manipulate reported earnings just to circumvent higher import relief. Import relief is a factor that weighs into international business and will remain an issue of concern for accountants and business practitioners alike.

The Most Important SEO Data Points for Your Website

by Sienna Luard Any online marketer will knowthe importance of analytics data for measuring website performance. Without these metrics, you have no way of evaluating different marketing strategies. But you don’t always have time to analyze everything – you just need to know the data that gives you a good overview. There are a number of important SEO data points that every marketer should pay attention to in order to optimize future marketing strategies. Domain Authority Created by Moz, a leading online SEO resource, Domain Authority is one of the most comprehensive and revealing measurements about your website. Basically, by combining various website statistics, including link counts and MozRank, this metric tells you how well your domain is likely to rank in Google’s search results pages. Measured on a 100-point scale, a high Domain Authority score translates into better search rankings and more organic traffic. Use Moz’s Open Site Explorer tool to compare your site with others and measure its authority over time. Number of Indexed Pages Put simply, the more pages you have indexed by search engines, the more opportunity you have to rank higher for certain keywords. Having more pages also allows you to build a more solid internal linking structure. But beware – just like backlinks, having more is not necessarily always better for SEO. The content still needs to be high quality and the keywords must be relevant and non-repetitive. Site Speed (Page Load Time) Do you know how many seconds it takes for your pages to load? Site speed is a critical factor in determining how your website ranks with Google and other search engines. Faster page load times also enhance the user experience. Check out your site speed statistics with Google’s PageSpeed tools, and use the tips to improve your site speed. Google has repeatedly stated the importance of page load time in rankings, so neglecting site speed is no longer an option. Organic Traffic Getting more organic site visits is one indication of a successful search marketing strategy. Unlike â€Å"paid† traffic, which comes from Adwords or other advertisements, the amount of organic traffic shows how successful your content strategy is. Make sure you are regularly publishing unique content. If the number of organic visits is steadily rising for specific keyword phrases, you’re on the right track. Use Google Analytics to find out which keyword phrases are attracting visitors to your site, and which web pages these visitors are landing on. Backlinks Backlinks are one of the most important factors in Google rankings. Quality backlinks from authoritative websites show Google that your site is useful and relevant, and you’ll be rewarded with higher search rankings. However, remember that quality counts. A high percentage of poor-quality links from untrustworthy websites is not good for SEO. Develop relationships with relevant, credible websites that add value to your website and try to get links to your site from these domains. Social Media Engagement Since Google’s Hummingbird update, social signals have become increasingly important to SEO. Boosting your presence on social media platforms not only promotes your brand to a wider audience, it also improves your credibility score with Google. Monitor the number of Facebook Likes, LinkedIn Followers, Twitter Followers, and Google+ Follows your site has and track these figures over time. Some effective ways to boost social media engagement include keeping an active blog (you can always look to outsource a freelance blog writer if you do not have the resources within your company to do this), creating polls or competitions and posting articles that are easily likeable/sharable. Bounce Rate Technically speaking, this is the percentage of visitors who navigate away from your site after viewing only one page. Along with other user metrics like organic click-through rate, Google measures the quality and value of your content, and adjusts your ranking accordingly. For this reason, it’s crucial to reduce your website’s bounce rate by delivering quality content that is relevant to the keyword phrases that drive people to your site. Now that you know some of the most important SEO data points for your website, you can take the necessary steps to improve your site’s ranking with search engines. You won’t see the results of your work overnight, but when you start to focus on the SEO metrics that really matter, you can maximize your online visibility in the long term and keep up with the competition.

To Kill A Mocking Bird-Prejudice Essays - Discrimination, Abuse

To Kill A Mocking Bird-Prejudice Essays - Discrimination, Abuse To Kill A Mocking Bird-Prejudice To Kill A Mockingbird Prejudice has caused the pain and suffering of others for many centuries. Some examples of this include the Holocaust and slavery in the United States. In to Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee racism was the cause of much agony to the blacks of a segregated South. Along with blacks, other groups of people are judged unfairly just because of their difference from others. The prejudice and bigotry of society causes the victimization of people with differences. Some who are discriminated against are those who are born differently than the majority. One person that is treated unfairly is Calpurnia, as you can see when Aunt Alexandra tried to get Atticus to fire Calpurnia, because in her eyes, Calpurnia wasn't a good enough female role model (p.136). This is a prejudice action, because Calpurnia is as good as a role model as Aunt Alexandra, if not better. Aunt Alexandra is a bigot and doesn't see the character of Calpurnia, just the color of her skin. Another person who is treated like an inferior is Scout by her teacher, because she knew how to read. She discovered that I was literate and looked at me with more than faint distaste. (p.17). Scout is treated like it is her fault that she knows more than the average child did. She learned earlier than others so she gets punished unjustly. Tom Robinson is also one who is discriminated by a biased community. Tom is found guilty by the jury in his case against the Ewells (p.211). The guilty verdict is a direct result of a racist community. Tom was never given a fair chance in the trial, even though that the evidence was proving him innocent. People that are born differently often get mistreated and are discriminated against. Another group that is treated poorly in the society based on bigotry, are the people who have chosen to be different. One who chose to be different is Dolphus Raymond. He pretended to be drunk so no one gave him any trouble on the way that he lived his life (p.200). The way a person lives should be there own personal business. He has the right to live differently than others if he feels that is the way he wants to live. Another person that lives differently is Boo Radley. Boo stayed inside his house for a number of years without ever coming out to interact with others. He didn't want attention that would come from the rumors that were said about him. Stories were made up about him and he felt it was best for him to stay inside. The people who chose to be different took a risk of being made outcasts of the majority of the society. The final group that was made to feel different was the group that defended and protected the minorities and the wrongfully treated people. Atticus was a good example of one who defended the different by defending Tom Robinson in his case. Atticus had integrity that gave him the strength to endure the ridicule that arose from his decision to defend a black man in a segregated area. Atticus was threatened and his children were treated poorly by their peers, because he had the courage to stand up for the oppressed. Sheriff Tate defends the different when he says, I never heard tell that it's against the law for a citizen t do his utmost to prevent a crime from being committed, which is exactly what he did, but maybe you'll say it's my duty to tell the town all about it and not hush it up. (p.276). Sheriff Tate is trying to protect Boo from the attention that could frighten him. The sheriff is doing the right thing by hiding the truth from the community. By defending the different, people take a chance of being known as strange or inferiors to the rest of the people that they are around. Throughout the story, people that are unlike the majority, get hurt. They are given obstacles that they have to overcome in order to survive. Some people in the world can survive these obstacles, and there are some that just give up. By fighting for your rights, people start to realize that character is the important attribute to a person. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee showed me that the people with differences are not always doing things the wrong way. It is the majority that may be going at it all wrong.

American History Taxation Laws 1760's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History Taxation Laws 1760's - Essay Example Nevertheless, as the law declares, the main reason for adoption is the alleged need for handling problems of the whole American continent, caused by "impending misfortunes of the British colonies on this continent" (Stamp Act). In fact the main event preceding this decision made by the Congress was the impoverishment of British economy after colonial wars with France, which turned out a strong rival. Religious issues also played their role, as the Act refers to the problems with establishing Protestantism in America. The Act clearly expresses the British attitude towards the colony: all Englishmen are recognized as free residents and taxation duties are positioned as the free will of those under British Crown, and due to the large number of target audiences, the Act emphasizes the respect for natural human rights, yet the law to great extent imposes the taxes to plantation-owners and free traders " His Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies, are entitled to all the inherent rights and liberties of his natural born subjects within the kingdom of Great-Britain" (ibid, II). Furthermore, the Act creates a kind of taxation framework and claims that high taxes will become a contribution into the wealth of Great Britain and thus the wealth of the entire English nation.

ETHICS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ETHICS PAPER - Essay Example The head nurse feels that these patients are frequently hospitalized and transferring them would distress them. Here, the chief resident is looking to serve personal interest of his pediatricians at the cost of snubbing the health hazards of existing patients. The ethical dilemma in this case is based on deontological or duty bound ethics that emphasizes on acting morally and rationally along with conducting tasks and responsibilities in a rational manner. The fundamental ethical principles for nurses state that patients should be respected for human dignity and should be taken care in a compassionate way. However, transferring the patients suffering from cystic fibrosis to another ward cannot be considered as an ethical move especially when the reason cited is based on offering space to pediatricians. It is important to consider the health issue of patients and accordingly taking steps rather than serving and promoting self and personal interest. At the same time, this situation fai ls to serve the utilitarian principle as it does not offer pleasure to majority of people and thus can be considered as a major ethical issue that needs to be assessed and analyzed well in order to offer mutual benefits and advantages (Rosen, 2003). 2. The important issues in this scenario are conflict of interest for nurses and deontological and duty bound ethics. At times, nurses are entangled in a situation and scenario where there is a conflict between the expectations of patients and work authority. The chief resident wants few patients to get transferred to another ward while the head nurse feels the other way. This shows that there is a conflict in terms of handling and understanding the situation. At the same time, deontological and duty bound ethics state that every individual should perform his tasks and responsibilities by being moral and ethical. The words ethical and moral are used throughout in the code of ethics for nurses and hold great importance and value. Ethics d efine what is right and wrong and moral defines personal attributes and intentions that have to be rational and positive offering mutual benefits and advantages

Mobile commerce | An introduction

Mobile commerce | An introduction CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) can be widely defined as â€Å"any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device†. (R. Tiwari, and S. Buse. 2007)Business-to-consumer (B2C) mobile commerce (m-commerce) refers to consumers sharing information and purchasing products and services from sellers with their mobile devices (Balasubramanian et al. 2002). With the continuous development of telecommunication technology, mobile services ranges from email receiving and sending, shopping for goods and services, playing online interactive games, trading stocks and shares, reserve tickets, conduct banking and monetary transactions and even link to social networking sites to connect with friends.Mobile commerce constitutes payment for such goods, services and information. Users access a website or wireless access protocol (WAP) by entering the web address (URL) of the particular products required via the mobile phone browser. Text messaging (SMS) is another way users can ‘communicate with third party service provider. Depending on the tangibility of the product, the delivery of the product can be in the form of physical collection or downloaded digitally into the mobile devices. 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Commerce Finland is the ‘birthplace of Mobile Commerce. In 1997, the first SMS-activated Coca Cola vending machines was installed in Helsinki. Same year, mobile-based finance and banking service were also launched. Finland is also the place where the first sales of digital content, ring tones were downloaded to mobile phones, were made. In 1999, Philippines and Japan commenced a national commercial platform for mobile commerce, known as SMART and i-Mode respectively. Subsequently, mobile commerce associated services begun to sprout rapidly in other markets, from mobile parking in Norway, to sales of train tickets via mobile phones in Austria to the purchase of airline tickets in Japan. From 2002, public transportation commuters in Helsinki are able to purchase tram and undergrounds train tickets via mobile phones. The cost of the tickets is the same as those bought from a machine but without the queue. In Colorado, it is one of the first few places whereby one can order movie tickets and pay via mobile phone. A dedicated counter is arranged for the pick-up. Mobile vouchers or coupons are visible in many countries from Finland, Spain, Germany, and United States to Japan. The promotional items offered on discounts ranges from laptops to McDonalds. Ring tone and wallpaper downloading have been one of the first widely used mobile commerce services. Some mobile services providers offer mobile news services, such as headlines, sports, weather, sports to mobile subscriber, sometimes free when sponsored by mobile advertiser or at a monthly subscription cost to the user. Small-scaled mobile commerce doesexist in most markets, from SMS voting in reality shows like ‘American Idol to participate in promotion lucky draws to downloading mobile ringtones. External environmental factors do play a part in promoting the mobile commerce growth. Worldwide expansion of digitalisation and automation of sales proceduresin the e-business and e-commerce on the Internet allow easier transference to the mobile commerce environment. 1.2 Technology Mobile commerce is actualised by a series of interlinked technologies such as networking, embedded systems, databases and security. (Siau et al, 2003). Mobile devices, wireless systems and softwares enable a faster transmission of data, along with reliability and security. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is the second generation (2G) after the analogue cellular era. It is the basic circuit-switched system whereby users need to dial in to maintain connection. The 2.5G technologies consist of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data GSM Environment where they make used of existing infrastructure but faster in terms of sending speed. This generation of mobile technology is meant for transference of multimedia and broadband applications. The third generation (3G) uses the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), which strives to provide higher bandwidth, faster transmission of voice, text, video, and multimedia for data-concentrated applications. UMTS allows users to be constantly connected to the Internet and its services worldwide, regardless of the devices (mobile or computers) used. As such, the mobile device can be integrated with functions of other equipment such as television, newspaper, organiser, computer and even credit card. In order to access web information to the mobile devices, the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) was designed. As an open and global standardisation for mobile applications, WAP aimed to connect and communicate mobile devices with other devices over wireless network on an interactive and real-time interface. Global Positioning System (GPS) uses a satellites system orbiting around the earth and is particularly useful location technology. It is essential to location based mobile commerce based applications, as it offers relevant information dependent on location. 1.3 Role of channel provider The roles of the 3G operators are more obvious than the voice-centric 2G. In fact, how these operators facilitate their roles will determine the adoption of mobile commerce. The carrier or Internet Service Provider (ISP) is the entity that delivers the data to and from the user. The initial stage of 3G-standardisation process started with dual layer model, the pure carrier and service and/or connection provider. It is viewed that this model will continue with carriers bring the main subscription provider. The gateway or portal is the entity centred to the services range. It is still unclear whether carrier will control it wholly. Regardless, it is definite that the number of content provider will increase. The role of banks in mobile commerce is considered critical since ease of payment is one of the determinant factors in adoption of mobile commerce. Certification authority is the entity that guarantees the transactions between the origin and destination. In addition to the above mentioned infrastructure requirements, a smartcard called UMTS Subscriber Identity Card (USIM) is compulsory in every device n order to make phone calls. The basic functions for USIM are security via shared secret key, personal information manager, and SIM toolkit applications. USIM is also a platform for applications or features such as public key security content copyright control, specification and cookies, data or application cache, authentication of users and plastic roaming. 1.4 Development of Mobile Commerce The extensive availability of Internet-accessible mobile phones is slowly creating a community of mobile commerce users. It is expected that this community might exceed the PC community. (Ahonen, 2002) With technology such as WAP or 3G, it is believed that electronic commerce information and/or interactive content will be adapted to the mobile commerce environment. While the majority of mobile commerce opportunities and purchases are business-to-consumer (B2C), the possibility of business-to-business (B2B) still stands. It is predicted that business users and their requirements will be fulfilled by the 3G services. A report by Accenture in 2001 â€Å"Future of Wireless†, has suggested that most business activities are easily accommodated for mobile commerce. With the rapid spread of mobile commerce, mobile phone manufacturers such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Samsung, Motorola and LG had began to develop WAP-enabled smart phones to exploit on the market potential. Interestingly, it was the introduction of Apples iPhone mobile commerce based systems like FanGo that the platform started to move into actual applications instead of SMS systems. The key advantage of mobile commerce services is the mobility of conveniences. Mobile commerce allows users the ability to execute transactions regardless of the location and time. With such uniqueness, mobile commerce has experienced relatively greater success in markets like Japan in regards to individual adoption rate. In comparison, this novelty technology has yet to achieve widespread popularity in other markets like the USA, Australia and Singapore. Mobile commerce actualise the possibility of accessing information at anywhere and anytime. It provides users the chance to access the Internet regardless of location (subject to the network coverage of mobile internet operators), the ability to identify a single mobile devices location (Global Positioning System) and to retrieve and/or update information whenever needed. The features of mobile commerce can be categorised into the following: Ubiquity. The most distinct advantage of mobile commerce is its ubiquity. With internet-enabled mobile devices, users can obtain any information required. Also, the emerging mobile commerce applications allow users to engage in activities such as instant messaging, linking to social networking websites, conducting financial transactions or looking up for weather news. Dissemination: The wireless infrastructure that support instantaneous delivery of data to mobile devices allows an efficient distribution of information to a population. Personalisation. With the massive amount of information available on the Internet, it is important that the content users receive is relevant. Mobile commerce companies can create applications that allow customizable information and services applicable to users. Localisation. Another significant feature will be the ability to identify users physical location with prompted the creation of location-based applications. The Sekai Camera created by Tonchidot is one example of how far such applications can go. (Figure) Source: http://popupcity.net/2009/01/tag-the-world-share-spaces/ CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND 2.1 Mobile Commerce in Singapore Mobile commerce innovations were also introduced. June 2001, Coca-Cola partnered with SingTel on a Dial-a-Drink scheme to enable consumers to buy drinks from the vending machines via SMS, cost of the drinks will be credited to their phone bills. M1 has a similar development with Yeo Hiap Seng too. The largest taxi fleet company, ComfortDelgro, started a free SMS taxi booking service. This service, aimed to better match demand and supply, offers commuters an alternative channel to book a taxi apart from the â€Å"call-a-cab† scheme. Another interested application of mobile commerce will be the audience polling. When television station and/or web-based TV reality contests was newly introduced into the local media scene, audience support through SMS voting was a common trend. Although the hype is fading, SMS voting is still an alternative for media contests on top of online voting. It is evident in the Singapore Blog Awards 2009 where Rednano Mobile, the mobile platform of rednano.sg, powers SMS voting. Increasingly, real-time SMS service like messageLIVE provided by SingTel are used at events where audience can participate in lucky draws, comment, etc via SMS and it will be instantaneously reflected on screen. SMS transaction has been seen in local television charity shows such as the President Star Charity Show. It is observed that mobile payment method plays an important part to the success of mobile commerce. There had been several mobile payment initiatives launched in Singapore. Local banks have started rolling out mobile banking services way back in 2001. TELEMONEY by [emailprotected] Pte Ltd has also implemented mobile payment systems for retail and parking charges at Suntec City. NETS, too, phase in YW8 whereby moviegoers can reserve and purchase Eng Wah cinema tickets. However, the demand for these services was so low that some services ceased to exist. One of the main reasons for the unpopularity then was the complex usage procedure for mobile payments. Users first have to register and remember a sixteen-digit personal identification number. After which, users will be required to either send Short Message Service (SMS) or dial a specific number to confirm any purchase. Such inconveniences make mobile payment schemes difficult to gain prevalence. Nonetheless, there have been ongoing efforts to improve the telecommunication technology such as Near Field Communications (NFC) and mobile scan technology to facilitate mobile commerce. NFC allows users to make payment by tapping their mobile devices against a reader. Mobile scan technology involves the using of camera in mobile phone as barcode reader. Mobile barcodes are commonly used for information or service request or content from a website. It can be promotion details, discount voucher or code via SMS or MMS, or ring tone, MP3, or game download or activation, or click to buy human agent, or purchase concert or travel ticket. The set up costs is usually the responsibility of the products company while partnering with a mobile payment service provider. While Mobile commerce now remains at infant stage, there are a myriad of companies looking into SMS-based applications and WAP. The InfoComm development Authority of Singapore (IDA) has on-going research to identify the current local mobile commerce industry status and thereafter implemented several initiatives to encourage and support companies on mobile applications and/or platform development. At the official opening of imbX 2009, it was announced by Minster Lui Tuck Yew that the government intend to allocate $1.73 billion for new infocomm projects. Part of these projects will include the deployment of contactless point-of-sale terminals via NFC to promote electronic payment adoption and developing of applications on mobile commerce platform, location-based services and novel original mobile services. It is observed that service provider in the mobile commerce value chain, such as the wireless application providers, mobile operators, and other players, have been swift to introduce applications to the mass-market. However, the rate of adoption has been somewhat pale. 2.2 Statistics As of June 2009, Singapore has a mobile penetration rate of 130.6%. It is very common to for consumers to own more than one mobile device each. The mobile penetration rate has been on a steadily increase since 1997. 2009 also indicate an uprising trend lest for the stark drop of 3.2% in June 2009. While the mobile subscriptions averaged around 64000, the number of 3G subscriptions has increased over the past six months. Despite the positive increment, the market share of mobile commerce has yet to pick up similar pattern. Singapore pales comparison to Japan wheremobile commerce is a huge success, attributing more than $400 million in revenues yearly. NTT DoCoMos popular i-mode service allows users to buy soft drinks from vending machine, pay for food at fast food restaurants, and shop at online shops like Amazon.com, and buy most of goods via DoCoMos billing system. Companies like Visa also offer m-commerce services in Japan. Chart 2.1: Mobile Penetration Rate of Singapore, Q1-Q2 2009 Source: Statistics on Telecom Services for 2009 (Jan Jun), IDA Singapore. http://www.ida.gov.sg/Publications/20090304182010.aspx Chart 2.2: Singapore Mobile Market Source: Statistics on Telecom Services for 2009 (Jan Jun), IDA Singapore. http://www.ida.gov.sg/Publications/20090304182010.aspx Chart 2.3: Mobile Penetration Rate of Singapore, Annual, 1997-2008 Source: Statistics on Telecom Services for 2009 (Jan Jun), IDA Singapore. http://www.ida.gov.sg/Publications/20090304182010.aspx CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Mobile Commerce Process Mobile commerce consists of users participation in transactions via mobile terminals. From a users point of view, retrieving and sending information and purchasing products are regarded as the basic steps to mobile commerce. Most mobile commerce studies focused mainly on the purchasing stage but customers are involved in receiving and transferring information at the pre-purchase stage. Receiving information consists of conveying of information from seller to users mobile device. As it is important for customers to know about the products, make comparison between products and then make buying decision. Transferring information represent the directing of information from user to sellers. The information can be used to describe product and services requirements, registering, providing feedback and offering payment and/or delivery details. Purchasing is the act of buying products and services via mobile devices in return of monetary returns. The act of placing orders can be done through Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) properties of mobile device. It does not include making order by calling the seller from mobile phone. 3.2 Mobile Commerce Adoption Activators and Inhibitors There are a significant number of studies carried out to identify and predict the upcoming activators and inhibitors of mass-market mobile commerce adoption. As seen in the review here, different authors have highlighted different factors as key activators/inhibitors to the adoption of mobile commerce. Gillick and Vanderhoof (2000) suggest five broad-natured inhibitors, namely the technology, standardization of industry, the business case, expectations of consumers, security and reliability. The last factor is one of the most commonly quoted. Most authors have quoted the lack of security and privacy could be the main obstacle to the growth of mobile commerce. E-Mori conducted a multi-market study for Nokia Networks and it was found that the lack of perceived need (Signorini, 2001), conservatism, and perceptions relating to the reliability and security of the technology are the main hurdles to adoption of mobile commerce; while convenience and control are found to be the key determina nts of demand. Buellingen and Woerter (2002) emphasize four vital success factors for the use of mobile services transmission rate, personalisation, data security, and user friendliness. Based on a survey by Strong and Old (2000) propose that ease of having ubiquitous Internet access will be the most essential for customers to engage in mobile Internet applications. The authors noticed substantial obstacles to rapid adoption to mobile Internet in the future are lack of awareness in content and application, high operating costs and the unfavourable comparison towards mobile Internet in terms of small screen size, awkward input, poor search functions, unstable or expensive connections, etc. On the other hand, many studies disputed on the fact that mobile commerce may encounter considerable growth with non-Internet adopters because of the lower costs and ease of usage with mobile devices involved. (MÃÆ' ¼ller-Versee, 1999; Vittet- Philippe and Navarro, 2000; Ropers, 2001) Vittet- Philippe and Navarro (2000) and Green (2000) believe that ‘user-friendly is the main point for mobile commerce adoption. As such, the limitations like small screen size, low bandwidth and the basic functions of mobile devices influence the design of mobile commerce applications interface. Likewise, the survey conducted by Carlsson and Walden (2002) noted that slowness in speed of service and small screen size of mobile phones attributed to the hindrance in mobile commerce adoption. On the other hand, Langendoerfer (2002) assumes that technological matters such as technical environment and mobile devices will not be the main reason for the slowness in widespread usage of mobile commerce. Rather, the concerns of users such as privacy and security have a larger influence on the slow take off. Shuster (2001) hypothesize that pricing will definitely have an influence on mobile commerce adoption. â€Å"Improved mobile devices, user-friendly shopping interfaces, effective applications and services, reduced prices, secure transactions, high bandwidth and network coverage† are the list of key success factors for escalating mobile commerce adoption from the online survey by Vrechopoulos et al (2002) It is also highlighted from a consumer survey (Anckar, 2002b) that mobile commerce adoption is driven by â€Å"convenience and flexibility to daily routines rather than excitement and entertainment†. It is also found out that consumers regard the function to fulfill instantaneous and time-sensitive needs as important adoption drivers of mobile commerce. Prior research has somewhat indicated that the main factors influencing the decision to adopt mobile commerce related to the services or device features has gone beyond the traditional function of a mobile phone, i.e. one-to-one voice communication. In line with this theory, consumer will be encouraged towards mobile commerce based on the fact that mobile device in transforming into a personal device, via which various transactions and activities can be carried out. 3.3 Traditional models Several studies have been carried out using conventional adoption theories and models like the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TBP). However, the main conclusion drawn by many authors was that traditional models are lacking to derive significant deduction on the determinants of individual adoption or rejection of mobile commerce. According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), the behaviour prior to any act (behavioural intentions) is established by variables like Attitude, Subjective Norm and Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC). A users attitude linking to using mobile device to obtain, transmit information and purchase is believed to influence the users intention to carry out the three behaviours. Subjective norm is believed to have the same effects on users too. PBC is a factor of intended users behaviour via increasing insight of control, assurance and ease of performing act. Based on the research by Pavlou et al, (2007), the model of m-commerce adoption emphasize largely on â€Å"technology adoption (perceived usefulness and ease of use), technological characteristics (mobile device display features, mobile device portability, and mobile site navigability and download delay), information characteristics (mobile site informativeness, information protection, and personalization), and consumer characteristics (mobile users skills)†. TAM has influence many information system based findings (such as Lee et al., 2002; OCass and Fenech, 2003) pertaining to information technology adoption in set or mobile environment. Although many studies are in favor of TAM as a model to explain the decision of acceptance, it is still uncertain if the model is entirely appropriate with regards to different channels. The decisions to adopt mobile commerce are very different from the decision to adopt technology for carrying reasons. Firstly, users adopt mobile commerce as a new channel of commerce rather than as technology per se. Second, mobile commerce may consist of transactional and non- transactional element. This means that adopters intent to engage in mobile commerce should be viewed holistically. (Pavlou, 2002) As such, we need differentiate between the various levels of mobile commerce adoption as we study consumer adoption decision. Third, Eikebrokk and Sorebo (1998) pointed out that TAM is generally applied to singular target situation, based on the assumption that potential users are only faced with one specific technology. It is therefore argued that to acquire valid forecasts and justifications of technology acceptance with TAM since users are presented with situation whereby they can choose among alternative channels. Fourth, it is argued that TAM itself is imperfect as it does no t considered the influence of social factors in the adoption and usage of new technology or system. This shortcoming has to be taken into consideration when examining the adoption factors. Last, TAM assumes that usage is free and voluntary, that there are no obstacles to prevent user from adopting any technology as long as wanting to do so. This has lead to criticism from several researchers (Mathieson et al, 2001) and prompted some authors to supplement TAM with theories that hypothesize perceived risks as a pre-condition to the mobile commerce adoption. Pavlou (2002) emphasizes that the proliferation of the Internet has brought uncertainty and risk in the adoption of system. It therefore require the integration of variables that capture concepts in current technology adoption models by reflecting that trust and perceived risk are directly linked to the intent to transact via mobile devices. One reason for the inadequacy of traditional models is that the relationship between users and mobile commerce has not been clearly defined. Past methods only analysed the interaction between the users and the technology or between people in a network connections. On the contrary, mobile commerce users interrelate in three directions, in technological aspect, as members of networks and as consumers. These three roles need to be incorporated in order to achieve a greater understanding of mobile commerce adoption. The adoption of mobile commerce the interaction of consumers and sellers via mobile transactions is different from the usual electronics commerce due to the nature of location-independence, instantaneous real-time exchanges, the distinctive interface of mobile devices, and the unique aspect of mobile devices like small screen size and low bandwidth. Therefore, mobile adoption is not merely an issue of usability of system or acceptance of technology. It should include several consumer pre-purchase actions such as researching for information, providing details and act of purchasing using mobile devices. This paper will re-examine present literature of voluntary adoption of m-commerce services by individuals to emphasize the need to approach the three aspects of mobile commerce together in order to attain a holistic comprehension. The current mobile commerce industry of Singapore will be evaluated based in this research. It will enable stakeholders of the mobile commerce industry to gain informative insight on the acceptance of mobile services. Hence, this will result in wiser decision-making in terms of business strategies and provision of the product and services. CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY 4.1 Survey The self-administered survey was hosted online on speedsurvey.com, under the domain http://mobilecommercesingapore.speedsurvey.com/. The reason for having such an unsupervised survey technique was that the 16 questions were simple to understand and followed a direct logic. The respondents are made up of 12 females and 24 males and all the respondents own a mobile phone. They survey instrument covered 16 questions pertaining to the users insight and purpose associated to mobile commerce and also their experience with the mobile commerce and mobile Internet. In this paper, there is a section in the questionnaire where the respondents were requested to specify to what extent does they agree or disagree with the statement related to the considered significance of different proposed benefits and obstacles to mobile commerce. The data collected were used to identify the activators and inhibitors that cover critical or non-critical factors that impact consumers decision in adoption or not adopting mobile commerce. 4.2 Results and Discussion Over 41% of the respondent have a bachelor degree and about 50% of them holds a master or doctorate degree. All the respondents own a mobile phone and about 75% have Apple iPhone. This will mean that their service provider is SingTel since the Telecommunication Company has a monopoly on the distribution of the Apple iPhone until 2010 when the other 2 Telecommunication Company will also have the distributor rights. Incidentally, it is reflected from the data collection that the most common item purchase via mobile is the phone applications. Also known as widgets, these applications can be downloaded on the iApps or iTunesstore via the phone Internet browser. In terms of frequency, it is has the most recent item purchase. More then 40% of the respondent has purchase widgets for the past 1 week. Out of the 36 respondents, 34 of them has purchased (buy/order/reserve/download) item at least once for the past 12 months. None of them has bought items off the vending machine via the mobile p hone. The purchase of other items such as requesting for information and buying multimedia content by SMSto a specific 5-digit number are rather sporadic. Over 40% of the respondents agree that using mobile commerce saves them time, with the other 30% strongly agreeing. There are about 70% of them who see that using mobile commerce is fashionable and trendy. With regards to the mobile commerce being an invasion of privacy, there are equal responses from those who agree, strong agree and disagree. However, about 80% of the respondents think that it is safe to make purchases using mobile commerce. The majority of the respondents agree that they have the necessary means and resources to use mobile commerce. Same, the respondents also agree that they will seek information about the new product or services. Among those that had never performed a mobile transaction before, the reasons mainly evolved around unawareness. Mostly, they are do not possess enough information to get started or use it, or no idea how much it will cost. It is much preferred to use other devices such as computer or payment kiosks such as SAM or AXS to perform the transaction. It is commonly believe that mobile commerce is expensive and will cost too much. However, it is indicated that they are willing to try to mobile commerce mainly if it was easier to obtain information from the Internet via mobile phone. This will also comprise of ease of access to rich media on mobile devices and user-friendly navigation on their mobile devices. 4.3 Limitations of the survey The data collected from the survey is highly non conclusive for several reason. Firstly, the size of respondents is less than 50; therefore the results are not substantial. Secondly, the profile of the respondents is too skewed towards certain segments; mainly male that has Apple iPhone. Hence, the data is not representative enough. Thirdly, the structure of the survey was not well organised. The lack of logic and guided instructions, which is critical in self-administered survey, may somewhat confused respondent. 4.4 Suggestions for future research It is seen that Apple iPhone may be a boosting factor for the future mobile commerce phenomenon. The intuitive design and ease of navigation of the iPhone may propel more and more users to perform mobile commerce transaction. Also, with the fact that all three Telecommunication Companies are offering iPhone from 2010, it is believe that the market share of iPhone will expand rapidly. It is therefore suggest that an iPhone focus study may be undertaken in the future to better understand the effect of iPhone, iPhone applications, iApps, and iTunes store on mobile com Qualitative and Quantitative Research on Fear of Crime: Rape Qualitative and Quantitative Research on Fear of Crime: Rape Research Portfolio Introduction The beginning of this portfolio will be introduced by two main types of crime data. They come in the form of qualitative and quantitative. They both show and represent crime in different way, and it also gives a clear idea of how crime has a big impact. They both have their strengths and weaknesses, but this portfolio will examine their differences along with their similarities. They both have something to offer researchers and can also be mutually exclusive. Following this, the portfolio will include a personal observational experience that explores the process of effective data collecting. The method of observation has many strengths yet many flaws, and obtain qualitative data. This final part of the portfolio will also examine the sexual violence in relation to gender, with research to support it. It will use statistics to weight up and support the argument. Portfolio Part 1: The Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitate Research. There are two types of data when it comes to research; Qualitative and Quantitate. Quantitative data is the process of managing the natural world through a mathematical formula, especially statistics. Crowther (2007, p.72) suggests that ‘Quantification is, inescapably, about counting the number of cases. There is a belief that the number of cases provides a reliable measure of a particular aspect of the social world’. Quantitate data is fact and cannot be questioned; in contrast to this qualitative data is more difficult to define as it focuses on getting quality rich data that gives great understanding. One major debate of Qualitative research is whether statistics and numbers can tell us anything of important or substantial about social life. Crowther (2007, p.76) proposed that ‘Quantitative data does not capture the complexity of human experience. It is not possible to deal with human emotions and subjectivity. Statistics are not facts that exist independently o f human interpretation: they can only be made meaningful as part of an interpretive process.’ Quantitate research tends to be on a relatively large scale, having large amounts of numerical data and using statistical procedures to analyse the data and reach conclusions; it tries to find ‘representative samples and generalizable finding’. In contrast to this qualitative research tends to have much smaller samples, and therefore is on a much smaller scale (Newburn, 2007, pp.898-899).Qualitative data is ‘large, unwieldy database of transcripts, fieldnotes and/or documents and the aim of this discussion is to explain how these data can be managed and analysed. However, unlike quantitative data, there can be no clear-cut and widely accepted ‘rules’ or procedures for qualitative analysis’ (Crowe and Semmens, 2006, p.176). A Quantitative research method is surveys. They are extremely large scale and can be sent out to almost anyone, most people have participated in a survey in their lifetime. Surveys obtain data through a standardised questionnaire and although they are primarily used for large amounts of quantitative data, they can also have a qualitative element (Newburn, 2007, p.899). One of the most common form of survey is postal survey, they are extremely easy, cheap and simple. Postal surveys are self-completed, which may explain why the response rates are very low; even if someone may be interested in completing the survey they may just forget, as it is not a top priority. In contrast face-to-face interviews have a much greater compliance and also they can sort out any misunderstandings the participant may have about the questionnaire (Newburn, 2007, p.900). Telephone surveys are in the middle postal and interview surveys, as they are more personal than postal but less expensive than face to fa ce. This method has practical issues, such as how will the researcher obtain the numbers to have generalised data? Even after overcoming this obstacle there is still the issue of mobile phones being turned off and going through to voicemail. The last type of survey of internet based surveys, they are also cheap and easy but like telephone surveys if depends on whether the researcher has the appropriate contact information like emails; internet based surveys also compare to postal surveys as the response rate is very low (Newburn, 2007, p.901). Surveys are known for being easy but Crowe and Semmens (2006, p.131) suggest that ‘this apparent simplicity can, however, be deceptive since your chosen means of administration is not guaranteed to produce reliable results, or a high response rate’. There are three types of interviews; structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. Structures falls into the quantitate category whereas semi-structured and unstructured fall into the qualitative category. Structured interviews are planned out with set questions without deviation and are ‘good at finding number of time an individual has been a victim of crime over the past 12 months. But cannot tell the subjective experience of victimisation’ (Crowther, 2007, p.100). Unstructured research allows the investigator an understanding of depth and detail and how participants perceive matters. Each question is open ended with no structure and the interview is very much like a conversation, but with the interviewer steering the interview with a topic guide (Newburn, 2007, p.904). Semi-structured falls in-between structured and unstructured, as t is fairly formal with a basis of questions, but can deviate and explore in further detail; the interviewer does not feel bound and lea ves room for the respondent to talk. Both semi-structured and unstructured ‘give more room to express own values and attitudes’ (Crowther, 2007, p.101). These methods are extremely time consuming and tend to have small samples, making it hard to generalise the findings. Portfolio Part 2: A Reflection on the Experience of Conducting an Observation Crowe and Semmens (2006, p.101) suggested that ‘knowledge of natural world is gathered through systematic objective and repeated observations of naturally occurring phenomena’. This form of data collecting is largely a product of qualitative data. We place ourselves in an environment and simply watch the behaviours of others; taking into consideration the context we detect how an individual in behaving and why they are behaving like that. This gives us incredibly rich and vivid information that simply cannot be oppressed into stats and figures. Kawulich (2005) states that ‘observations enable the researcher to describe existing situations using the five senses, providing a â€Å"Written photograph† of the situation under study’. The observation was conducted in a bus station over a one hour period on the Saturday 2nd May 2015. The main topic of the observation was to examine what behaviours people were doing and scrutinise why. In terms of weather, the afternoon of the 2nd was cold and raining, as a result of this the majority of people were wearing larger winter coats with hoods; a lot of people were carrying umbrellas and had damp clothing and hair. As the bus station is in the centre of Leeds we can assume that the majority of people there did not live in the centre and were possibly having a Saturday shopping day or a ‘day out’; and were travelling home. The bus station was very busy and full with constant movement, and what was interesting was that it seemed quiet from what you would expect of a heavily crowded room. Upon observing the room it was noticed that the atmosphere of the bus station was calm and patient. Many of the individuals were seated quietly waiting for their bus or checkin g the times and showed no elevated emotions, they gave off a sense of cool and composed. There seemed to be a social expectation of behaviour when others entered and exist the bus; Individuals in the bus station waited for those to exit the bus, but always formed a line at the door in a ‘first come first serve’ mentality; it appeared that everyone followed the ‘rules’. Upon arriving at the bus stop it was noticeable that the room was very large and long, so deciding a place to conduct the observation proved to be difficult. In order to try and get a full experience and be in equal distance to everything, the observation was carried out in the centre of the bus station, seated as if waiting for a bus; and as the observation was open and unstructured there was no behaviours that were expected. In the observation it was conducted as the investigator was a participant-as-observer; this included sitting waiting for the bus, but not participating with the behaviour of everyone surrounding, such as getting on an off the bus (Crowe and Semmens, 2006, p.101). Data was collected in the form of note taking, balancing observation and writing equally. To make the note-taking for efficient, abbreviations were used; and only words that were contained necessary information and words that were necessary for the sentence to make sense were used. Because the bus stat ion was so busy it made it impossible to see and record every event and behaviour that happened. Because the room was in constant movement, it was difficult to record certain patterns of behaviour (Crowe and Semmens, 2006, p.110). In terms of success, the method of note-taking proved to be well organised and easy to refer back to, but one thing that could have been improved was how much information could have potentially been recorded. If the observation was to be repeated a possible improvement could be move around the bus station after certain time lapses, to ensure the full bus station was covered and recorded in comparison to sitting in the centre doing a 360 ° surveillance. Another possibility would be to bring an assistant observer(s) that recorded an area designated to them; this method may cover a much larger range of qualitative data. Observation as a data collecting method can be very time consuming, having it been said that to have a valid observational research study, it should have a minimum of a year of research, but meanwhile it does generate rich qualitative data. This method arises certain ethical issues, recording and using information of their behaviour can be seen as an invasion of their privacy; as researches, in an open observation, do not ask for consent. It can be argued that if an individual knows they are being recorded, then they will change their behaviour to what they think is ‘right’ and ‘acceptable’, wanting to please the researcher. This concludes that the data gathered is unreliable and unusable as it is not genuine (Crowe and Semmens, 2006, p.114). Portfolio Part 3: Analysing Crime Statistics Describe Sexual Violence in relation to gender. Newburn (2007, p.818) suggested that men have a much greater risk of being a victim of violent crimes than women do. A survey study in 2004 recorded that ‘women had a 6.3% chance of becoming a victim whereas men had a 14.6% chance’. Although these studies suggest men are more likely to become the victim of all violent crime, it has been found that women have a much greater risk to ‘intimate violence’ (Newburn, 2007, p.819). According to the Office for National Statistics (2013) a CSEW Survey, similarly found that ‘young women were much more likely to be victims of sexual assault in the last year’. The British Crime Survey found 6% of women reported non-sexual partner abuse, 3% reported sexual assault and 9% reported stalking; And in 1991 a survey discovered that one in four women had experienced rape-attempted rape in their lifetime (Newburn, 2007, pp.819-820). The Guardian (2013) states that between ‘2009/10 and 2011/12 there were an esti mated 78,000 victims of rape per year in England and Wales – 69,000 females and 9,000 males’. In the last 30 years there has been a significant increase in the awareness of rape. Studies that were conducted in the 70’s have shown that women who reported rape were seen more as complainants than an individual making a serious claim; Officials were highly unsympathetic. Women were given a list of things not to do, such as ‘don’t go out alone at night’, ‘Don’t use public transport at night’, ‘Don’t take shortcuts’, ‘Don’t cross commons or parks on your way or use alley’, and finally ‘don’t walk down badly lit streets’ (Newburn, 2007, p.822). This advice has been highly criticised with many stating it takes away the woman’s independence and implies that women are the ones at fault if they do not follow the ‘rules’. These rules, although are a precaution, make women feel that if they do any of these things, then they will surely be a victim on sexual assaul t. This can be seen in the SPSS graph below as in both columns ‘very worried’ and ‘fairly worried’, it is significantly higher than in the men’s column; presenting that there is a distress in women that they have been subjected to. In correlation with this theory Russell Pond (1999, p.82) states that victim surveys have opened up a whole new line of enquiry, leading to the fear of crime debate. This concept has become a serious tool of social control, and has become more of a problem than crime itself. One major aspect of the fear of crime is the assumption that men are less likely to admit fear. Maguire et al (2007, pp.387-389) suggested that in terms of society men have a pressure telling then to be ‘masculine’ to be strong and brave and have little fear. This is carried onto the crime world, men are expected to be dominant and reject abuse. This idea can be seen in the SPSS Graph below; the vast majority of males are either not very worried or not worried at all. This can imply that men feel they will be judged if they admit to fear so they chose their answer based on what is expected of them. The Level of Worry That Males and Females Have on Being Raped. One issue with the fear of crime debate is defining fear, how do we measure fear? Fear usually correlated with risk and danger which can be seen with men going out and consuming alcohol; this is a risk, but men will admit to little fear (Pond, 1999, p.82). Men are more likely to act in risk-seeking behaviours than women. Walklate (1995) suggests that fear is a ‘gendered phenomenon’. She states that the fear of crime is ‘†¦rooted in a male defined rationality based risk management view of fear which cannot tap the kinds of experiences that underpin women’s responses’. Pond (1999, p.83) also refers to Farrel et al who suggested that crime was significantly misinterpreted in the way it is recorded. He said ‘Their suggestion is that quantitative methods based on surveys give a greater incidence of fear than qualitative methods based on interview’. In an extremely controversial argument made in Patterns in Criminal Homicide (1958) by Wolfgang, he defined victim-precipitated offences as those ‘in which the victim is a direct positive precipitator in crime’. Amir suggested that one fifth of rapes were victim precipitates where: ‘the victim agreed to have sexual relations but retracted; or did not resists strong enough; or entered vulnerable situations sexually charged’ (Pond, 1995, p.78). At the time was a new emerging feminist movement, of which was highly critical of this approach. Conclusion In conclusion we can see the clear differences between qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative focuses on numeric data and with what is countable, whereas qualitative tends to focus on words and meaning. These two types of data are very different but the measures and methods we use to obtain them can occasionally go hand in hand, complimenting each other. The data obtaining method of observation was very educational as it displayed a personal experience of what went right and also how improvements could have been made, for example moving around and creating a large radius of observation would have improved and made diverse data. The final chapter it was found that women have a much greater chance of rape and sexual violence happening to them. But it also showcases that women are more worried about it; as more pressure and attention is placed upon them to avoid it, creating a slight sense of paranoia. Bibliography Crowe, I. and Semmens, N. (2006) Researching Criminology. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill. Crowther, C. (2007) An Introduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillian. Kawulich, B. (2005) Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method. 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